Ko e Tufunga Ngaohifangufangu Mo e Faiva Tāfangufangu ^Featured

Fai ‘e Palōfesa Hūfanga Dr ‘Ōkusitino Māhina
Professor of Art, Culture and Critical Anthropology
Vava’u Academy for Critical Inquiry and Applied Research [VACIAR] &
Tonga International Academy [TIA]

Na‘a ku talanoa, he ‘atikolo 18, ki he faiva lea heliaki, ‘o ngāue‘aki hono liliu ‘a e Tohitapu mei he lea ‘Ingilisi ki he lea Tonga ko e faiva lea fakatātā / faiva talanoa fakatātā mo e faiva lea “paloveape” / faiva lea “poloveape” ko e ohi mei he lea ‘Ingilisi ko e “proverb,” ‘a ia na‘e ui‘aki ‘a e founga faiako manakoa ‘a Sīsū ko e lea fakatātā / talanoa fakatātā mo e taha ‘o e ngaahi Tohi he Tohitapu ko e Tohi Lea Fakatātā / Tohi [Lea] Paloveape / Tohi [Lea] Poloveape mo e lēsoni he Tonga ko e Ngaahi Paloveape / Ngaahi Poloveape – ‘o kau ai ‘a e heliaki ko e me‘angāue faka‘aati [artistic] mo fakalitilali [literary] hono fakafenāpasi ‘o e fepakipaki he vaha‘a ‘a e me‘a ‘oku lea‘aki mo e me‘a ‘oku ‘uhinga ki ai he funga ‘o e tatau mo e potupotutatau ke ma‘u ‘a e faka‘ofo‘ofa / mālie.

Te u lave, he ‘atikolo 19, ki he tufunga ngaohifangufangu [material art of nose-flute-making] mo e faiva tāfangufangu [performance art of nose-flute-playing], ‘a ia ‘oku to e ‘iloa ko e faiva ififangufangu. ‘Oku ui ‘a e ngaohifangufangu ko e tufunga he ‘uhinga ‘oku ngaohi ‘a e fangufangu ‘e he sino ‘i “tu‘a” he sino ka e ui ‘a e tāfangufangu ko e faiva he ‘uhinga ‘oku tā / ifi ‘a e fangufangu ‘e he sino ‘i “loto” he sino, ‘o hangē ko e tufunga lea [material art of speech-making] mo e faiva lea [performance art of speech-giving], tufunga teuteu [material art of dress-making / fashion] mo e faiva teuteu [performance art of dress-wearing / fashion] mo e tufunga hele‘uhila [material art of film-making] mo e faiva hele‘uhila [performance art of film-acting].

‘Oku ngaohi ‘a e fangufangu mei he ‘akau ko e kofe, ‘a ia ‘oku tauaki he la‘ā ke momoa, ‘o toki tu‘usi he ongo mui ‘a e kupu ‘oku fuolahi lelei mo hangatonu. ‘Oku fua leva ke tatau ‘a e vahavaha ‘o e tu‘u‘anga ‘o e ngaahi ava ‘e nima ‘i ‘olunga he vaha‘a ‘o e ongo mui, ‘o vili‘aki kotoa kinautolu ‘a e ukamea vela, ‘a ia ‘oku vili hangatonu ‘a e ava fika tolu ‘i ‘olunga ke ‘asi ‘i lalo, ‘o lau ia ko e ava fika ono. ‘Oku filifili lelei ‘a e ngaahi fo‘ikofe ‘oku matolutolu / manifinifi lelei, ‘o lahilahi ke ma‘u he kongaloto, ‘a ia ‘oku tefito ai hono ma‘u ‘a e ongo / le‘o ‘oku tonu / lelei, ‘o mahino ai ‘a e mā‘uhinga ke fenāpasi ‘a e ‘akau [wood] mo e ongo [sound], ‘a ia ‘oku makatu‘unga ai ‘a e potupotutatau mo faka‘ofo‘ofa / mālie ‘o e afo / fasi ‘oku tā / ifi he fangufangu ko ha me‘alea.

‘Oku “ifi” ‘e he ihu ‘a e ava fika 1 ‘o e fangufangu hono fangu ki ai ‘a e mānava he ava‘iihu ‘e taha ka e tapuni ‘a e ava‘iihu ‘e taha ‘e he motu‘atuhu ‘e 1, pea lomi ‘e he ni‘ihi ‘o e ‘ulutuhu mo e motu‘atuhu ‘e 1 ‘a e toenga ‘o e ava fika 2, 3, 4, 5 mo e 6, ‘o fakatatau ki he afo / fasi ‘o e hiva ‘oku “tā” he fangufangu, ‘a ia ‘oku ‘uhinga ai hono ui ‘a e me‘alea ko e fangufangu, ‘o ‘iloa ai ko e faiva ififangufangu / faiva tāfangufangu. ‘Oku ma‘u he fangufangu ‘a e afo tefito ‘oku ‘asi he faiva fakatangi he faiva fananga, ‘o hangē ‘oku ongo fakafa‘ahikehe hono anga, ‘a ia ‘oku fakatatau ia ki he ongo maina / mīnoa, ‘o ohi mei he lea ‘Ingilisi ko e “minor,” ‘a ia ko e afo fangufangu, fasi fakatangi mo e ongo fakafa‘ahikehe.

Na‘e makatu‘unga he le‘o maina / mīnoa ‘a e ākenga ‘o e hiva fakaTonga tupu‘a, ‘a ia ko e afo fangufangu, fasi fakatangi pē ongo fakafa‘ahikehe. Neongo ‘oku tefito ‘a e fangufangu he afo maina / mīnoa ka ‘oku to e ma‘u pē ai mo e afo maisoa / mīsoa [major]. Na‘e to e ui mai kimui ‘a e ongo fakafa‘ahikehe ko e ongo fakatētēvolo, ‘a ia ko e ohi mei he lea ‘Ingilisi ko e “devil,” ‘o taku kakai mate ko e fanga “tēvolo.” ‘Oku fekau‘aki ‘a e afo fangufangu, fasi fakatangi mo e ongo fa‘ahikehe pē afo, fasi mo e ongo maina / mīnoa mo e mamani ‘o e fa‘ahiua / fa‘ahikehe ‘oku fakafelavai / fakasiakale hono anga, ‘o tefito he mamani ‘o e mate, mamahi mo e tangi – ka e felāve‘i ‘a e afo, fasi mo e ongo maisoa / mīsoa mo e mamani ‘o e fa‘ahitaha / fa‘ahitatau ‘oku fakakohi / fakalaini ‘ene to‘onga, ‘a ia ‘oku makatu‘unga he mo’ui, fiefia mo e mavava.

‘Oku kamata ke mole ‘a e tufunga ngaohifangufangu mo e faiva tāfangufangu mei Tonga, ‘o hangē pē ko ‘ena mole ‘osi mei he ngaahi fonua he Moana / Pasifiki. ‘Oku ‘i ai foki mo e ngaahi tufunga, nimamea‘a mo e faiva kuo nau ‘osi puli kotoa, ‘o hangē ko e tufunga lalava, tufunga tātatau, nimamea‘a langakatomosikaka mo e nimame‘a langakatoalu. ‘Oku faka‘a‘au ke to e fakapuli atu ‘a e afo fangufangu, fasi fakatangi pē ongo fakafa‘ahikehe / fakatētēvolo pē afo, fasi mo e ongo maina / mīnoa neongo ‘oku ke i fakatotoe mai he ta‘anga hiva me‘etu‘upaki, ‘otuhaka mo e fa’ahiula, fananga, tangilaulau, hiva usu, lotu, malanga mo e fale matāpule, mo ke i ongona mai pē he ngaahi sipa mo e ngaahi ta‘anga hiva lakalaka mo e ma‘ulu‘ulu.

Na‘e kamata hono uesia ‘a e afo fangufangu, fasi fakatangi, ongo fakafa‘ahikehe / fakatētēvolo – pē afo, fasi, ongo maina / mīnoa – ‘a e hiva tupu‘a fakaTonga mei he fetu‘utaki mo ‘Iulope ka e tautefito ki he ngāue ‘a e kau misinale, ‘o hangē ko e feinga ‘a e misinale ko Misa Lole mo ‘ene tangata fekau ko Misa Laite ke fakaului ‘a e kakai Tonga mei he lotu motu‘a [lotu fakaTonga] ki he lotu fo‘ou [lotu Kalisitiane], ‘a ia na‘e kau ai hono liliu ‘a e afo, fasi, ongo maina / mīnoa – pē afo fangufangu, fasi fakatangi, ongo fakafa‘ahikehe fakaTonga – ‘enau hiva ki he afo, fasi, ongo maisoa / mīsoa fakaUēsite. ‘Oku ‘asi atu ‘eni ‘i lalo hono hikitatau ‘e Misa Laite he lea ‘Ingilisi [mo liliu ki he lea Tonga] he sēnolo he ta‘u 1830, ‘o kau ki he‘ene faingata‘a‘ia lahi hono ako‘i ‘a e hiva fakalotu mo e himi maisoa / mīsoa fakaUēsite ki he kāinga lotu, ‘a ia na‘a nau hiva maina / mīnoa fakaTonga pē ia ‘e kinautolu:

“ ... anxious that I should do something to improve the singing among the natives ... something should be done soon to make the tunes they sing more like the original ... several of our excellent tunes are spoiled by the natives from singing them in a minor key; others are so completely metamorphosed we scarcely know sometimes what tunes they sing ... the tunes composed in the major key are made completely minor, and such is the difference that sometimes their singing reminds me of our solemn dirges sung at funerals ... I believe that all this will be done away in time ... ”

“ ... na‘a ku hoha‘a fau ke u fai leva ha me‘a ke fakalelei‘i ‘a e hiva he kau Tonga ... fai leva ha me‘a fakavave ke ‘ai ‘a e ngaahi hiva ‘oku nau hiva ke ofi he ongo totonu ... ‘oku ‘i ai ‘etau ngaahi hiva kuo maumau‘i ‘e he kau Tonga he‘enau hiva‘i ‘e kinautolu he kī maina; ‘oku mafuli ‘a e anga ‘o e ngaahi hiva ‘e ni‘ihi ‘o ‘ikai mahino pē ko e hā ko ā ‘a e ngaahi hiva ‘oku nau hiva ... ko e ngaahi hiva ‘oku fa‘u he kī maisoa ‘oku fulihi faka‘aufuli ia ki he kī maina, pea ‘oku pehē ‘a e kehekehe, ‘o fa‘a hoko ‘enau hiva ke fakamanatu mai kiate au ‘etau ngaahi tangilaulau ‘oku hiva‘i he ngaahi putu ... ‘oku ou tui ko e kotoa ‘a e ngaahi me‘a ni ‘e fulihi kotoa ... ”

Ta u toki hoko atu,
‘Ofa ongo mo e manatu loto.