"Kanotamaki ‘o e Ngaahi Koloa Fakalukufua” (Tragedy of the Commons) ^Featured

Te u fakahoko ha lavelave ‘i he faingamalie fungani ko ‘eni fekau’aki mo e kaveinga kuou lave ki ai ‘i ‘olunga ‘a ia ‘oku ne tasilisili mai ‘a e faingata’a ‘oku fekuki mo ha koloa ‘oku ‘ikai ke ma’u taautaha (private property) pe‘i ai ha tu’utu’uni pau felave’i pea mo hono pule’i ka ‘oku ‘i ai ‘a e totonu ‘a e tokotaha kotoa pe ki ai.  ‘Oku makatu’unga ‘i he tukunga ni ‘a e hoko ‘a e ngaahi faingata’a fakamamani lahi hange ko e feliliuaki ‘a e ‘ea (climate change) mo e maumau’i ‘o e kupenga kasa ‘osouni (ozone layer depletion) ‘o e ‘etimosifia/vava/’ata.

Ko e kupu’i lea ni (tragedy of the commons) na’e fuofua fokotu’u ‘ia ‘e ha tangata saienisi ‘Amelika ko Dr Garret Hardin ‘o ngaue’aki ‘a e fakakaukau ‘o e tauhi ‘o e monumanu ko e pulu.  Fakatatau kia Hardin, ‘oku pehe tokua na’e ‘i ai ha falukunga kakai na’a nau felotoi ke fokotu’u ha’anau ‘a pulu pea ke nau kamata’aki ‘a e taki pulu ‘e taha ki he tokotaha.  Na’e mo’ui lelei mo sisino ‘a e fangapulu pea nau lototaha kenau hiki hake ‘o pulu ‘e ua ki he tokotaha. 

Na’e a’u ki ha taimi kuo kumuni ‘e he mo’ui siokita ha ni’ihi (free riders/heka ta’etotongi) ‘o nau fakakaukau ke ‘ai ke lahi ‘aupito ‘a ‘enau fangapulu ‘oku ‘i he loto’a koe’uhi ke lahiange ‘enau lelei ‘e ma’u ‘i he toenga ‘o honau kaunga fafanga pulu.  Na’e fe’au’auhi pehe ni ‘a ‘enau founga fai ‘o ta’omia ‘iate kinautolu ‘oku fakangatangata ‘a e ivi fafanga ‘o e lau mohuku ‘oku mo’ui mei ai ‘a e fanga pulu (carrying capacity) pea a’u ki ha tukunga kuopau ke fakangata mo holoki ‘e natula ‘a e tokolahi ‘o e fanga pulu ‘o hoko ai ‘a e mole lahi ki he kau tauhi pulu hono kotoa (tragedy).

‘Oku hanga ‘e he fakakaukau kuo fokotu’u ‘e Hardin ‘o hulu’i ‘a e tukunga na’e tupu ai ‘a e fakatamaki ‘oku fekuki mo mamani ‘i he lolotonga ni tupu mei he to e mafana ange ‘a e ‘ea pea mo e manifi ange ‘a e kupenga kasa ‘osouni.  Ko e ‘etimosifia/’ata/vava ko e koloa fakalukufua ia ‘a ha’a tangata pea me’apango na’e ‘i ai ‘a e ngaahi fonua na’e lelemu’a ‘a ‘enau fakalakalaka pea fakakuihi ai kinautolu kenau laku tavale ‘a ‘enau feliha’a ki he ‘etimosifia ‘o pehe tokua ‘oku ta’efakangatangata ‘a hono ivi fakama’a.  Me’apango ia he ‘oku hange tofu pe ‘a e ivi fakama’a ’o e ‘etimosifia ko e ivi fafanga ‘o e lau mohuku ‘o e ‘a pulu, ‘o fakangatangata, pea ko ‘ene ‘ova pe ‘i he me’a ‘oku totonu ke ngata ai pea ‘e hoko leva ‘a e mafana ange ‘a e ‘ea ‘o e ‘etimosifia.

Ko e me’a tatau na’e hoko felave’i mo e kupenga kasa ‘osouni koe’uhi na’e ngaohi ‘e he ngaahi fonua mo’umo’ua ‘a e kasa “chlorofluorocarbons” pe CFCs ‘o ngaue’aki ‘i he ngaahi me’angaue fakamokomoko hange ko e ‘aisi (refrigerators) mo e misini ngaohi ‘ea mokomoko (air conditioners) ‘o tupu ai hono tukuange ‘a e CFCs ki he ‘etimosifia ‘o tatanaki mo faifai pea a’u ki ha tukunga ‘oku lava ai ‘o keina ‘a e kupenga kasa ‘osouni ke manifi pea lava leva ‘a e huelo fakatupu kanisa ko e ”ultraviolet radiation” ‘o a’u hifo ki mamani.  ‘Oku makatu’unga ‘i he hoko’a e me’a ni ‘a e lahi ‘a e kakai kuo nau fihia ‘i he kanisa ‘o e kili (mesothelioma) pea iku ai kenau pekia.

‘Oku mo’oni kuo foaki ‘e he ngaahi fonua tu’umalie ‘a ‘enau pa’anga ke fakaivia ‘a e ngaahi fekumi mo e fakalelei felave’i mo e feliliuaki ‘a e ‘ea pea pehe ki he manifiange ‘a e kupenga kasa ‘osouni ka ‘oku ‘ikai kakunga ‘eni pea mo e faingata’a ‘oku fekuki mo e kakai tokolahi koe’uhi ko ‘enau fehangahangai mo e ngaahi palopalema kuo hoko.  ‘Oku fakatauele lahi ‘a e ma’u ‘o e pa’anga mo e mafai ‘oku lahi ange pea neongo ‘a e ho’ataina ‘o e hoko ‘o e ngaahi fakatamaki tupu mei he mafana ange ‘a e ‘ea pea pehe ki he manifi ange ‘a e kupenga kasa ‘osouni, ‘oku kei ‘i ai pe ‘a e ngaahi fonua tu’umalie ‘oku kei hokohoko atu pe ‘a ‘enau mo’ui siokita.

‘Oku situ'a atu foki mei he katoanga Hilifaki Kalauni pea ‘oku ou tangane’ia ‘i he vekeveke ngaue ‘a e kakai ‘o e fonua ‘i he me’a kotoa pe kae tautautefito ki he fakama’a ‘o e tukuikolo pea mo e ngaahi feitu’u ko e koloa fakalukufua hange ko e matatahi, loto Nuku’alofa pea mo Teufaiva.  ‘Oku ou faka’amu ange mai ‘e ‘ikai ke ‘i ai ha kau “heka ta’etotongi” koe’uhi kae ma’a mo faka’ofo’ofa ‘a hotau ‘ulufonua.  Kaneongo ‘eni, ‘oku tau kei ‘i mamani pe pea ‘i he’ene pehee, ‘oku totonu ke tau kei kumuni pe ‘a e akonaki kuo fai ‘e Hardin pea tau mateuteu ke hiko ‘a e veve lahi ‘e laku ‘e he kau heka ta’etotongi lolotonga ‘a e katoanga Hilifaki Kalauni.

Na’a ku fa’a tala ki he fanau na’a nau to’o ‘a ‘eku Lesoni BIO 210 ‘i he semesita ‘uluaki ‘o e 2015 ‘a e ‘aleapau ‘a e fu’u mango mo e peka ke hanga ‘e he peka ‘o kai ‘a e fua ‘o e fu’u mango ka ke ne fakafoki ‘a e ‘ofa kuo fai ‘o fakafotunga ‘i he tufaki ‘o e tenga’i mango ‘i he funga ‘o e fonua.  ‘Oku tau tui na’e fai pau ‘a e peka ki he aleapau koe’uhi he ‘oku movete ‘a e mango ‘i he fonua pea ‘oku tau kai mango ta’etotongi ai pea ‘i he’ene pehee, ‘oku tau fakatauange te tau ako ha me’a mei he peka ‘o fai ha ngaue lelei ‘o kapau kuo fai mai ‘e ha taha ha ngaue lelei kiate kita.  Kapau ko e tukunga ‘eni, ‘e vete ‘a e palopalema fekau’aki mo e feliliuaki ‘a e ‘ea, manifi ange ‘a e kupenga kasa ‘osouni, pea mo e vevea, matamatakovi pea pehe ki he palaku ‘a e ngaahi feitu’u fakalukufua ‘i hotau fonua ni.